South East Asia

For the area of South East Asia we regard here the countries of Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.

For Vietnam see Far East. For Hawaii and Tahiti see North America.

Note that Australia does not have any special plucked instruments.

The jakhay is an instrument that is also used in other countries of South East Asia. In Cambodia it is called takhe, or charakhe or usually krapeu. In Burma it is called mi-gyaung. Originally it was carved to resemble a crocodile, now it is more a stylized panhandle. Alternative spellings are jakae or jakhae.

The jakhay is made from one huge piece of hardwood, carved in the right shape and the back/bottom hollowed out. The bottom (the soundboard) is made from a softer wood, and has (roughly drilled) soundholes in it. It has 3 rounded short legs screwed into the soundboard.

The 11 or 12 high frets are made of light coloured hardwood and fixed in a groove, carved in the top. There are 3 long rounded tuning pegs on both sides of the open peghead. The entire instrument (except the soundboard) is painted dark brown.

The bridge is made of brass, with a flat and rounded top, to make the 3 nylon strings (especially the lowest, wounded string) buzz, like on Indian instruments.

Playing is by resting the jakhay on the floor, with the player sitting cross-legged behind it. The right hand uses plectrums tied to the fingers, and the left hand presses down the strings behind the frets. The sound is not very pleasing to western ears.   For more information about Thai instruments see Khryang Ditt and ThaiFolk.

In Thailand they use a similar long plucked instrument as the chapey dan veng in Cambodia : in Thailand it is called grajappi or krajappii or krachappi. There is an old and a new version.
The old style grajappi looks much like the chapey, so see Cambodia.
The new version grajappi is made a bit differently.

The body of the new style grajappi is made by hollowing out a round bit of (heavy) wood, and covering it with a thin wooden front. The round body shape is supposed to be a slice of the bodhi tree or of a pineapple. The soundboard has a large round soundhole (like a guitar), that is often covered with a decorated rosette; formerly made of ivory, now of white plastic.

The neck and long pegbox are made from one piece of wood and glued to the body wiith a dovel join. The pegbox extents in a very long (flat) curve to the back; this bit can be taken off, and is highly decorated with dark wood and white (ivory looking) plastic. The 13 frets (in a regular seven-to-an-octave scale) are pieces of white plastic, glued to the flat front of the neck.

The pegs (two on both sides of the open pegbox) are long and round, with decorated "handles" attached to them. There are two courses of double nylon strings, which runs from a high decorated (plastic) nut over a rather large loose bridge to a string holder fixed to the bottom of the body. This stringholder is covered by a piece of decorated white plastic.

The strings are probably tuned : FF BB.
Playing is with a plectrum, mainly to accompany singing.

The sung (also spelled soung or serng) is a plucked instrument that vaguely resembles the yueh chin (moon guitar) from China.

The sung is made from one piece of hardwood, including neck and pegbox. The body is hollowed out and covered with another (round) piece of hardwood, with a small soundhole in the middle.

The neck is rather square. It has high wooden frets attached (nailed) to it, in oriental scale (7 frets to an octave). The pegbox is open and a bit sickle-shaped. The four round friction pegs are two on each side.

It has 2 double metal strings, often made of bicycle brake wire; they run over a loose wooden bridge to pins at the end of the body.

The body of the sung is decorated with woodcarvings around the edges. A plectrum is fixed with a rope to the end of the body.

This is a nice small folk instrument, based on the Chinese sanxien and the sung. It is made by the Lisu tribe in North Thailand.

The body of a sung lisu is a small round piece of hardwood, like a bowl. The bottom is pierced with holes and has decoration around the edges. The front is covered with skin, probably fish skin. The straight neck is carved from one piece of hardwood which extents to the pegbox. The pegbox bends back in a sharp curl.

There are two round friction pegs on the right side and one on the left side of the open pegbox. Three metal strings run over a small loose bridge to a wooden pin at the end of the neck which goes right through the body.

A nice round plectrum is fixed to that pin with a rope.

An apparently new type of instrument, used in modern Thai music groups.

The phin is a guitar-like instrument, with 3 metal strings. The body, neck and tuning head is carved from one piece of wood, hollowed out, with a thin wooden front. The body has a teardrop or spade shape, and a flat back.

The peghead has a (separately made) sideways extension (fixed with a screw to the peghead) in a curl ending in a decorated carving (see a similar sideways extension in the carved sape of Malaysia). The peghead has 3 modern tuning machines - one left, two on the right side. The instrument is often painted.

The fingerboard is almost flush with the front, and has guitar-like metal frets, which follow an irregular scale, using frets 1,2,3,5,7,8,10 and 12 for the first octave. The 3 steel strings (all of the same thickness) run over a loose wooden bridge to a small stringholder, fixed with screws at the end of the front. Tuning could be : g' d' a' (or maybe e' a e').

The phin is played with a plectrum and the sound is like a simple guitar (sometimes amplified). It is used in Molam type of music of North-East Thailand, which also uses the reed organ "kaen", a bowed string instrument "saw", a hand drum and a circular panpipe "wode". The phin plays repeated riffs.       picture from website

In Cambodia we can find two plucked string instruments : the chapey and the krapeu. The krapeu is very similar to the Thai jakhay, so see Thailand.

The chapey dan veng (also chapay veng) is a (very) long neck lute. It is the same instrument that is called grajappi in Thailand.

The body is made from a thick piece of wood, hollowed out, with a thin plank on top as soundboard. That body shape is supposed to be a slice of the bodhi tree or of a pineapple. There is no soundhole.

The neck and the long pegbox are made from one piece of wood and glued to the body. The pegbox extents in a very long (flat) curve to the back. The frets are pieces of hardwood glued with some black wax to the neck. The pegs, which are long and round, are on both sides of the open pegbox.

There are two courses of nylon strings, which can be single, or double or only one double. They run to a string holder which also serves as bridge. The strings are tuned F B. Playing is with a plectrum, mainly to accompany singing.

Some instruments are quite crummy made (like the example), but some are very delicately carved and with some bone (or ivory) inlay (see the grajappi from Thailand).

gambus

As in most Islamic countries, the Arabian ud is also played in Malaysia and Indonesia. This ud is often locally made in the same way as in the Middle East, but here it is called a gambus (Hadramaut, or gambus Arab). Also the technique of playing is the same, but here more to accompany singing and dancing.

However in Malaysia and on some islands of Indonesia there is a another gambus, which looks quite different. This gambus (Hijaz or gambus Melayu) is closely related to the old qanbus of Yemen and East Africa (see Africa).

This traditional gambus has a body and neck carved from a single piece of wood and often a (goat) skin top. Sometimes the front is made of thin wood (like on the ud-type gambus). The peg head is often flat or sickle-shaped or with some tribal decoration. It has four double strings of gut (or nylon) and no frets.

It is used for vocal accompaniment, and has a sound similar to the ud but with a more resonant, almost hollow sound.

left from CD, right from website

The sape (or sapé or sapeh) is one of the largest plucked stringed instruments in the world. It is mainly used on the island of Borneo (which is half Malaysia : Sabah and Sarawak, half Indonesia : Kalimantan; plus the small independent state of Brunei)

The sape is probably made by shipbuilders as the body resembles very much a ship (however the hollowed out bit is on the back...). Maybe that is why this type of instrument is known as "boatlute".
The short neck and square pegbox is also from the same piece of wood. The front is decorated in black and red ink(?) in traditional Borneo tribal patterns.

Some sape have carved decorations.

The number of metal strings may vary from 3 to 5 and can be tuned with round wooden pegs from both sides of the peghead.

Each string is the same gauge and has its own small bamboo bridge, giving each a different string length. They run over a flat bamboo bridge and go through holes to the back of the instrument. Only the first string has (flat bamboo) frets in a diatonic scale.

Playing the sapeh is quite awkward, as your hand can not really grip the "neck", but more or less have to press on the front of the body. Only the first string is fingered, the others are used as drones (it feels a bit like playing upside-down dulcimer). The sound is not very loud. The repertoire is about 35 different tunes.

The instrument seems still quite popular and some are even made electric. Also combinations like sapetar (guitar) and sapelele (ukulele) are made : see Gimmusic.com . There are not many CD's available. For more information see Sapeborneo .

This long necked strummed lute is quite rare and found amongst the Dusunic people of Sabah (the north part of the island Borneo).

The sundatang is mainly made of jackfruit wood, with two or 3 brass strings. The body seems to be either square (with high frets on the long neck) or oval-shaped. The instrument looks like some of the kudlung boat-lutes from the Philippines.

The sundatang of the KadazanDusun tribe from Penampang district, the Lotud-Dusun tribe (who call it “gagayan”) and those of the Rungus tribe are more widely played than the one of the KadazanDusuns of Tambunan district. This Tambunan sundatang has a small body and a neck over a meter long.

The sundatang can be played for personal entertainment or as a dance accompaniment (in the Tambunan district - the Magarang) and sometimes played in pairs as in Tuaran district.

pictures from website Malaysiana   The example was shown on eBay with the name "cekuntrung" (Java) and seems a souvenir-like, decorated version

The kacapi is a small boat lute from the Bataks on Samosir island in Lake Toba, in North Sumatra. They are now mainly made as woodcarving souvenirs for tourists.

The kacapi (pronounced "kachapi") is made from one piece of wood, in a boat-shape. The back is hollowed out. There are 2 metal strings, which can be tuned by round wooden friction pegs on both sides of the open pegbox. The bridge is a raised bit of wood left in the middle of the body.

Usually the top of the pegbox, and the end of the body are nicely decorated.
If the front is left plain it may be a playable instrument; otherwise it is usually over-decorated with woodcarvings and difficult to play.

The entire instrument is painted in some dark brown colour, probably with shoe polish.

The kacapi seemed not very popular with players on Sumatra,
as I found only one boy able to play it, and could not find
any cassettes with pure kacapi music on it.

kacapi (Sulawesi)

This is a special boat lute from the island Sulawesi. It is called kacapi [pronounced "kachapi"] in the south, but also kacaping and katapi.

The instrument is made from one piece of wood, with a cavity on the back. This is covered with a separate wooden panel, with several round sound holes in it.

The peghead has usually a highly decorated panel, also carved from the same piece of wood.

The kacapi has always two strings. They are tuned by small round friction pegs. The strings are pressed down on a row of 5 or 6 high finger posts, carved integrally from the neck and soundboard. The bridge is a similar high post.

It is strummed with a long plectrum, for solo music or to accompany songs.

above : A side view of a kacapi, with the five high fingerpost, the bridge pole (right) and the elaborate wood carvings on both ends, everything carved from one piece of wood. (picture from eBay).     left : Most information about this instrument (including this picture) comes from the CD South Sulawesi Strings, Smithsonian Folkways.

jungga [1]

This is the two-stringed jungga from the island of Sunda. As it is a boat lute, it looks quite similar to the sape from Borneo, or the kacapi from Sulawesi.
Note that there is another jungga (with 4 strings), also on Sunda island.

The body and neck is carved from one piece of wood, with a cavity on the back. This is closed with a separate piece of wood, with soundholes in it. The body is wider than the kacapi from the Bataks.

It has the high finger posts that serve as frets, and the high bridge, like the kacapi from Sulawesi.

It is played to accompany songs.

the high fingerposts that serve as frets (from eBay)

jungga [2]

This jungga is a four-stringed, locally made guitar from the island of Sunda.

Some instruments have a few frets, most are fretless. It is built like a quite primitive guitar, and played with a plectrum.

Small guitar from Java island, Indonesia, used in kroncong music (pronounced "kron-chong").

It has 3 or 4 strings, and is used like a ukulele in Kroncong music, which has some Portuguese influence. The other instruments used are the gitar tunggal - the guitar (of local or of western manufacture), the violin, the flute and the bass.

The kroncong is locally made, and often quite primitive. The name kroncong is now often replaced by juk or cuk.

You can buy them on Java in shops with sport articles, they are next to the footballs...

On the Philippines the long boat-lute with two strings is still used in some areas. It exists under many different names, although they all look quite similar : kudlung, fagelung, hagelung, kudyapiq, ketiyapiq, kusyapiq, etc. It is mainly called kudlung in the south and kudyapiq in the north.

Like all other boat-lutes, the body and neck is carved from one piece of (soft)wood, with the resonator chamber carved from the back, and covered with a thin wooden board, with a soundhole in it. The length of the instrument can be from about 1 to even 2 meters.

The two metal strings are tuned with two tuning pegs on the side of the pegbox. The bridge (which is also the stringholder) is a raised block of wood on the front. The strings run through small holes to the tuning pegs. The frets are pieces of wood, glued to the neck in a pentatonic scale. Some instruments are highly decorated and painted.

It is mainly played solo (often with a small wooden pick, bound to the forefinger), or to accompany singing or dancing.

For lots of information see Brandeis and Kipas.

kudlung form website Kunitachi

Primitive guitar from Philippines.

It is made like a normal guitar, with no (or just a few) frets and played like the player thinks it should be played.

The laud, the bandurria and the spanish guitar are the instruments used in Spanish Rondalla music, and as the Spanish ruled the islands for 3 centuries, this type of music became also popular on the Philippines and even with Philippinos living in the USA. See more information on the website of Jayars.

The Philippine instruments look very similar to the Spanish bandurria and laud (see Europe west), although the number of strings has increased. From 12 strings in 6x2 courses in Spain, to 14 strings in 6 courses in the Philippines : 6th single, 5th and 4th double, 3th, 2nd and 1st three double.
The instrument is made like a flat back mandolin.

The tuning of this bandurria would be in 5-5-5-5-5 :
f# bb e'e' a'a'a' d"d"d" g"g"g".

.

The laud, the bandurria and the spanish guitar are the instruments used in Spanish Rondalla music, and as the Spanish ruled the islands for 3 centuries, this type of music became also popular on the Philippines and even with Philippinos living in the USA. See more information on the website of Jayars.

The Philippine instruments look very similar to the Spanish bandurria and laud (see Europe west), although the number of strings has increased : from 12 strings in 6x2 courses in Spain, to 14 strings in 6 courses (with some courses with triple strings) in the Philippines.

The tuning would be one octave lower than the bandurria :
F# BB ee aaa d'd'd' g'g'g'

The laud, the bandurria and the spanish guitar are the instruments used in Spanish Rondalla music, and as the Spanish ruled the islands for 3 centuries, this type of music became also popular on the Philippines and even with Philippinos living in the USA. See more information on the website of Jayars.

The octavina is a special Philippine instrument : it is a guitar-shaped laud, so it has 14 strings in 6 courses : 6th single, 5th and 4th double, 3th, 2nd and 1st three double.
The tuning would be like the laud, so one octave lower than the bandurria :
F# BB ee aaa d'd'd' g'g'g'

The octavina is a bit smaller than a guitar, but the construction is the same.

It is not clear where the name octavina arrived from - the name is also used for a small spinet (plucked 17th century keyboard). In Spain used to be a small guitar-like bandurria instrument with 6 double strings, called octavilla; very likely that is the origin of the name.

The black colour of the front of the example is just painted on; others were red or plain.